The Fake2ry

Network Administrator Positions

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Network Administrator Positions</h2>
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<i>ممكن الأسئلة دي برضه تلاقيها في الـ Help Desk فمن الأحسن تكون محضرها برضه</i></div>
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<b>1.</b> What is the difference between layer 2 and layer 3 in the OSI model ؟</div>
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<b>2.</b> What is the difference between a hub, switch, and router ؟</div>
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<b>3.</b> What is a VLAN ؟</div>
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<b>4.</b> What is the difference between TCP and UDP ؟</div>
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<b>5.</b> How do you distinguish a DNS problem from a network problem ؟</div>
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<b>6.</b> What are a runt, Giant, and collision ؟</div>
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<b>7.</b> What is a broadcast storm ؟</div>
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<b>8.</b> What is the purpose of VRRP ؟</div>
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<b>9.</b> What is a VPN ؟</div>
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<b>10.</b> What is a default route ؟</div>
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<b>11.</b> How do you set a default route on an IOS Cisco router ؟</div>
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<b>12.</b> What is a metric ؟</div>
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<b>13.</b> What is a MAC address ؟</div>
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<b>14.</b> What is ARP/RARP ؟</div>
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<b>15.</b> Describe a TCP connection sequence.</div>
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<b>16.</b> What is MTU ؟</div>
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<b>17.</b> What other TCP setting can you modify besides MTU to shorten packets ؟</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Say Thanks To iTawy</b></span></div>
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Network Administrator Positions

Network Administrator Positions ممكن الأسئلة دي برضه تلاقيها في الـ Help Desk فمن الأحسن تكون محضرها برضه 1. What is the difference...

6:55:00 PM

General HR Questions

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General HR Questions</h2>
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<i>ممكن يكونوا أصعب أو (أثقل) أسئلة 
هتقابلها في الانترفيو لأنه الأسئلة بتخاطب الوعي واللاوعي عندك وبيستنتج 
منها شخصيتك، بس في الأول وفي الآخر دي أسئلة عادية جاوبها باتقان وبصدق ..
 اوعي تحاول تتذاكي علي HR [عن تجربة]</i></div>
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<b>1.</b> Tell us a little bit about yourself.</div>
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<b>2.</b> What are your greatest strengths ؟</div>
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<b>3.</b> What are your greatest weaknesses ؟</div>
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<b>4.</b> What do you like about your current job or what did you like about your last job ؟</div>
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<b>5.</b> Give us an example of when you handled a stressful situation.</div>
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<b>6.</b> Give us an example of one of the toughest problems you had to face, and how did you deal with it ؟</div>
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<b>7.</b> Why do you think you should get this position ؟</div>
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<b>8.</b> Do you think you are the best person for this job? If so, why ؟</div>
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<b>9.</b> Why did you apply for this position ؟</div>
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<b>10.</b> Why did you apply for a position with our company and what do you know about us ؟</div>
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<b>11.</b> Why should we hire you ؟</div>
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<b>12.</b> Tell us about your short and long term goals ؟</div>
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<b>13.</b> Where do you see yourself five years from now ؟</div>
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<b>14.</b> Please explain, what does customer service mean to you ؟</div>
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<b>15.</b> What does being a team player mean to you ؟</div>
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<b>16.</b> Give us an example of how you handled a conflict with another employee ؟</div>
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<b>17.</b> What are your salary expectations ؟</div>
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<b>18.</b> What would you consider your most important accomplishment ؟</div>
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<b>19.</b> How would you define success ؟</div>
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<b>20.</b> At your last review, what improvements did your manager suggest you make ؟</div>
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<b>21.</b> What would your coworkers say about you ؟</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Say Thanks To iTawy</b></span> ,,,</span></b></div>
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General HR Questions

General HR Questions ممكن يكونوا أصعب أو (أثقل) أسئلة هتقابلها في الانترفيو لأنه الأسئلة بتخاطب الوعي واللاوعي عندك وبيستنتج منها شخصي...

6:45:00 PM

Entry-Level and Help Desk Positions

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Entry-Level and Help Desk Positions</h2>
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<i>الأسئلة دي هي الأسئلة الأسهل علي 
الاطلاق في نطاق الـ Network و الـ Sys Admin معرفة مبدأية لازم تكون عند 
كل واحد فينا ويعتبر مفيش مقابلة مبتتسألش في نص الأسئلة دي علي الأقل</i></div>
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<b>1.</b> What is the difference between a hub and a switch ؟</div>
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<b>2.</b> What is a network ؟</div>
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<b>3.</b> What is Active Directory ؟</div>
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<b>4.</b> What is TCP/IP and what does it stand for ؟</div>
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<b>5.</b> What is a default gateway ؟</div>
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<b>6.</b> What does DHCP stand for ؟</div>
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<b>7.</b> What is an IP Address ؟</div>
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<b>8.</b> What is the significance of the IP address 255.255.255.255 ؟</div>
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<b>9.</b> What are the 3 major classes of an IP network ؟</div>
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<b>10.</b> What is a Class D IP address ؟</div>
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<b>11.</b> What is OSPF ؟</div>
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<b>12.</b> A user is complaining of delays when using the network. What would you do ؟</div>
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<span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0"><span class="_5mdd _1n4g" data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0"><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text0:0">13. What is the difference between layer 2 and layer 3 in the OSI model?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text1:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text3:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text4:0">Layer 2(Datalink Layer) is resposible for sending data b/w 2 node (within MAC resolution) and Flow, sequence control and error</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text5:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text6:0">recovery by retransmission).</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text7:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text9:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text10:0">while
 layer 3 (Network Layer) is transport the container of data with inter 
network.it needs service of 3,4,5 layer to established 
session,authentication,packaging data,identification of data.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text11:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text13:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text14:0">14. What is the difference between a hub, switch, and router?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text15:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.0.$end:0:$text16:0">A Hub is, in its simplest form, just like a mains multiplug unit. There is no intelligence or circuitry in it. Mo</span></span><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3"><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0"><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text0:0">re
 complex units may incorporate an amplifier or repeater. The network 
signal goes into one port and out of all the others. This is a Layer 1 
device.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text1:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text2:0">A
 Switch has a small level of intelligence, in that it can open a 
message, check the IP address, and direct the message packets to the 
port on which the device with that IP address resides. It cannot modify 
IP addresses or see addresses outside of the range of the ‘home’ 
network. This is a Layer 2 device.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text3:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text4:0">A
 Router can read IP addresses, and direct the messages to another 
network with different IP addresses to the originating network. The 
Router software can build up an address table, so that it ‘knows’ where 
other devices are. This is a Layer 3 device.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text5:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text6:0">15. What is a VLAN?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text7:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text8:0">Virtual
 Local Area Network (VLAN) may be defined as a group of LANs that have 
different physical connections, but which communicate as if they are 
connected on a single network segment. VLANs were created because it 
increases overall network performance by grouping users and resources 
that communicate most frequently with each other. This means that the 
use of unicast or broadcast data transmission is limited, and traffic is
 reduced.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text9:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text10:0">16. What is the difference between TCP and UDP?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text11:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text12:0">TCP is a Transmission Control Protocol and UDP is a User Datagram Protocol.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text13:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text14:0">There are four major differences between UDP and TCP:</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text15:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text16:0">1. TCP can establishes a Connection and UDP cannot.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text17:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text18:0">2. TCP provides a stream of unlimited length, UDP sends small packets.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text19:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text20:0">3.
 TCP gurantees that as long as you have a connection data sent will 
arrive at the destination, UDP provides not guarantee delivery.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text21:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text22:0">4.UDP
 is faster for sending small amounts of data since no connection setup 
is required, the data can be sent in less time then it takes for TCP to 
establish a connection.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text23:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text24:0">17. How do you distinguish a DNS problem from a network problem?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text25:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text26:0">If
 you are able to ping to a router or switch connected to DNS server but 
not able to ping DNS server. This is surely a problem with DNS….else its
 problem in the network. We can also use nslookup tool as well.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text27:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text28:0">18. What are a runt, Giant, and Late collision?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text29:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text30:0">A runt is a packet that fails to meet the minimum size standard. Usually below 64 bytes. Occurs as a result of a collision.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text31:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text33:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text34:0">A
 giant is a packet that exceeds the size standard for the medium usually
 grater then 1518 bytes . Caused by malfunctioning equipment on your 
network.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text35:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text37:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text38:0">Late collisions are packet collisions that occur after the window for a network collision closes.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text39:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text41:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text42:0">19. What is a broadcast storm?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text43:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text44:0">A
 state in which a message that has been broadcast across a network 
results in even more responses, and each response results in still more 
responses in a snowball effect. A severe broadcast storm can block all 
other network traffic, resulting in a network meltdown. Broadcast storms
 can usually be prevented by carefully configuring a network to block 
illegal broadcast messages.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text45:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text47:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text48:0">20. What is the purpose of VRRP?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text49:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text51:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text52:0">Virtual
 Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) is a non- proprietary redundancy 
protocol and it is used to avoid single point of failure of a gateway.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text53:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text55:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text56:0">21. What is a VPN?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text57:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text58:0">A
 Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a network technology that creates a 
secure network connection over a public network such as the Internet or a
 private network owned by a service provider.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text59:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text61:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text62:0">22. What is a default route?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text63:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text64:0">Default
 route is configured during the network configuration when the traffic 
comes to that network having no defined destination or route then that 
is sent on the default route.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text65:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text67:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text68:0">23. How do you set a default route on an IOS Cisco router?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text69:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text70:0">configure terminal</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text71:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text72:0">ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text73:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text75:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text76:0">The ip route quad zero command will make anything that the router cannot find a route for go out the serial 0/0 interface.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text77:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text78:0">24. What is a metric?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text79:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text80:0">Metrics
 is a property of a route in computer networking, consisting of any 
value used by routing algorithms to determine whether one route should 
perform better than another.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text81:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text82:0">25. What is a MAC address?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text83:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text84:0">A
 MAC address, or Media Access Control address, is a 48- or 64-bit 
address associated with a network adapter. While IP addresses are 
associated with software, MAC addresses are linked to the hardware of 
network adapters. For this reason, the MAC address is sometimes called 
the hardware address, the burned-in address (BIA), or the physical 
address.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text85:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text86:0">26. What is ARP/RARP?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text87:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text88:0">ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) – The protocol that traces IP addresses to MAC addresses.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text89:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text90:0">RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) – The protocol within the TCP/IP stack that maps MAC addresses to IP addresses.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text91:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text92:0">27. Describe a TCP connection sequence.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text93:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text94:0">The connection establishment process actually accomplishes several things as it creates a connection suitable for data exchange:</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text95:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text97:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text98:0">o
 Contact and Communication: The client and server make contact with each
 other and establish communication by sending each other messages. The 
server usually doesn’t even know what client it will be talking to 
before this point, so it discovers this during connection establishment.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text99:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text100:0">O
 Sequence Number Synchronization: Each device lets the other know what 
initial sequence number it wants to use for its first transmission.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text101:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text102:0">O Parameter Exchange: Certain parameters that control the operation of the TCP connection are exchanged by the two devices.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text103:0" /><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text105:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text106:0">28. What is MTU?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text107:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text108:0">Short
 for Maximum Transmission Unit, the largest physical packet size, 
measured in bytes that a network can transmit. Any messages larger than 
the MTU are divided into smaller packets before being sent.</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text109:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text110:0">29. What other TCP setting can you modify besides MTU to shorten packets?</span><br data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text111:0" /><span data-reactid=".0.0.2.0:$733006290123686_810137469077234.$right.0.$left.0.1.0.0.3.0.$end:0:$text112:0">Shorten the byte using ping command -l option</span></span></span></span></span><br />
</div>
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Entry-Level and Help Desk Positions

Entry-Level and Help Desk Positions الأسئلة دي هي الأسئلة الأسهل علي الاطلاق في نطاق الـ Network و الـ Sys Admin معرفة مبدأية لازم تكون...

6:25:00 PM

Cisco Certifications To Kickstart Your Career

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<header><h1 class="larger blue">
 Cisco Certifications To Kickstart Your Career <span class="strong black" style="font-size: x-small;">page 1 </span></h1>
</header></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="strong black" style="font-size: 1.083333em;">Cisco
 certifications are some of the most prestigious in technology, 
encompassing far more than routing and switching. Find out which options
 can improve your resume and skill set.</span>of  10</div>
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<a href="http://www.networkcomputing.com/careers-and-certifications/cisco-certifications-to-kickstart-your-career/d/d-id/1320866?_mc=sm%5Fnwc%5Feditor%5Fsuefogarty&image_number=1" target="new"><img alt="" border="0" class="docimage" src="http://img.deusm.com/networkcomputing/2015/06/1320866/Cisco-Certifications11%28Conclusion%29.png" style="width: 100%;" /></a>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
There are numerous advantages to Cisco certifications, 
which not only enable candidates to get a better job or promotion but 
also enrich and broaden the skills of professional network engineers 
around the world. The benefits of Cisco certifications are particularly 
keen when your organization has Cisco infrastructure, which is common in
 many enterprises.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Any of the Cisco certifications on the following pages 
can boost your IT career, making you more appealing to prospective 
employers -- or making you very popular at your current job. Consider 
them if you are looking fro career advancement or simply want to refine 
your skills.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Cisco certifications can be pursued in two categories, 
Cisco Career Certifications and Cisco Specialist Certifications. These 
certifications are available for various IT-specific fields including 
collaboration, data center, routing and switching, security, wireless, 
network design, and programmability.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
The <b>Cisco Career Certifications</b> 
category has offerings for various sub-domains of networking, which can 
be categorized into different levels: Entry, Associate, Professional, 
Expert, and Architect (the highest level of accreditation within the 
Cisco Career Certification program).</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Cisco Specialist Certifications</b> 
acknowledge the specific expertise of technical professionals, including
 those with Cisco Career Certifications at the associate, professional, 
or expert levels. Specialist certifications can help network 
professionals enhance their core networking knowledge in technologies 
such as security, data center, or collaboration.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
With Cisco certification, candidates can maximize their 
investment in their education and increase their professional value by 
enabling their IT organization to meet increased business demands 
resulting from technology transitions. Cisco has its own learning 
community where candidates can share; participate in group discussions; 
get access to study materials, practice questions, and trainings; and 
much more. Cisco provides a range of preparation methods to suit a 
diverse range of schedules and learning styles.</div>
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Cisco Certifications To Kickstart Your Career

Cisco Certifications To Kickstart Your Career page 1 Cisco certifications are some of the most prestigious in technology, encom...

5:57:00 PM

4 برامج مجانية لإستعادة الملفات المحذوفة في ويندوز

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                               <h1 class="entry-title single-post-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
4 برامج مجانية لإستعادة الملفات المحذوفة في ويندوز</h1>
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<span class="post-date updated"></span><span class="meta-comment"><span><span class="screen-reader-text"></span></span></span></div>
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                                                            <img alt="4 برامج مجانية لإستعادة الملفات المحذوفة في ويندوز" src="http://itawy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/recuva.png" /> </div>
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يُدرك مُعظم المُستخدمين أن حذف الملفات 
من الحاسب لايعني حذفها بشكل كامل 100%. وحتى بعد القيام بعملية فورمات 
Format للجهاز، تبقى هناك احتمالية عالية لإستعادة هذه البيانات لأنها تترك
 أثراً على القرص الصلب، إلا في حالة الكتابة فوق هذا الأثر.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
ويُمكن لمستخدمي ويندوز الإستعانة بأكثر من برنامج لإستعادة الملفات المحذوفة. فبرنامج <a href="http://www.piriform.com/recuva" target="_blank">Recuva</a>
 يُعتبر من أفضل البرامج في هذا المجال، وهو يتوفر بنسختين مجانية ومدفوعة.
 ومن خلاله يُمكن اختيار القرص الصلب للبحث عن ملفات محذوفة واستعراضها قبل
 إتمام عملية الإستعادة.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
برنامج <a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk" target="_blank">TestDisk</a>
 من البرامج المُتميّزة أيضاً والذي يُمكن تشغيله من موجّه الأوامر Command
 Line ليقوم بفحص شامل للقرص الصلب. يُمكن أيضاً تجربة برامج مثل <a href="http://www.officerecovery.com/freeundelete/" target="_blank">FreeUndelete</a> أو <a href="http://www.pandorarecovery.com/" target="_blank">Pandora Recovery</a> فهي تبدأ بالبحث داخل سلّة المهملات ثم تنتقل إلى بقيّة النظام.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Say Thanks !!</b></span></div>
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4 برامج مجانية لإستعادة الملفات المحذوفة في ويندوز

4 برامج مجانية لإستعادة الملفات المحذوفة في ويندوز ...

5:36:00 PM

Network Protocols

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Network Protocols</h2>
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‏</div>
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 </div>
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<span class="timelineUnitContainer"></span></div>
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<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: What is HTTP and what port does it use?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
HTTP
 or HyperText Transfer Protocol, is the main protocol responsible for 
shiny content on the Web. Most webpages still use this protocol to 
transmit their basic website content and allows for the display and 
navigation of ‘hypertext’ or links. While HTTP can use a number of 
different carrier protocols to go from system to system, the primary 
protocol and port used is TCP port 80.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: What is HTTPS and what port does it use?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
HTTPS
 or Secure HTTP (Not to be confused with SHTTP, which is an unrelated 
protocol), is HTTP’s big brother. Designed to be able to be used for 
identity verification, HTTPS uses SSL certificates to be able to verify 
that the server you are connecting to is the one that it says it is. 
While there is some encryption capability of HTTPS, it is usually deemed
 not enough and further encryption methods are desired whenever 
possible. HTTPS traffic goes over TCP port 443.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
CCNA RESOURCES SALARY</div>
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<br /></div>
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<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">4- What is FTP and what port does it use</strong>?</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
FTP
 or File Transfer Protocol, is one of the big legacy protocols that 
probably should be retired. FTP is primarily designed for large file 
transfers, with the capability of resuming downloads if they are 
interrupted. Access to an FTP server can be accomplished using two 
different techniques: Anonymous access and Standard Login. Both of these
 are basically the same, except Anonymous access does not require an 
active user login while a Standard Login does. Here’s where the big 
problem with FTP lies however- the credentials of the user are 
transmitted in cleartext which means that anybody listening on the wire 
could sniff the credentials extremely easily. Two competing 
implementations of FTP that take care this issue are SFTP (FTP over SSH)
 and FTPS (FTP with SSL). FTP uses TCP ports 20 and 21.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">5- What is SSH and what port does it use?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
SSH
 or Secure Shell is most well known by Linux users, but has a great deal
 that it can be used for. SSH is designed to create a secure tunnel 
between devices, whether that be systems, switches, thermostats, 
toasters, etc. SSH also has a unique ability to tunnel other programs 
through it, similar in concept to a VPN so even insecure programs or 
programs running across unsecure connections can be used in a secure 
state if configured correctly. SSH runs over TCP port 22.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">6- What is DHCP?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Dynamic
 Host Configuration Protocol is the default way for connecting up to a 
network. The implementation varies across Operating Systems, but the 
simple explanation is that there is a server on the network that hands 
out IP addresses when requested. Upon connecting to a network, a DHCP 
request will be sent out from a new member system. The DHCP server will 
respond and issue an address lease for a varying amount of time. If the 
system connects to another network, it will be issued a new address by 
that server but if it re-connects to the original network before the 
lease is up- it will be re-issued that same address that it had before. 
To illustrate this point, say you have your phone set to wifi at your 
home. It will pick up a DHCP address from your router, before you head 
to work and connect to your corporate network. It will be issued a new 
address by your DHCP server before you go to starbucks for your 
mid-morning coffee where you’ll get another address there, then at the 
local restaurant where you get lunch, then at the grocery store, and so 
on and so on.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">7- What is TCP?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Even
 if you don’t recognize anything else on this list, you like have heard 
of TCP/IP before. Contrary to popular believe, TCP/IP is not actually a 
protocol, but rather TCP is a member of the IP protocol suite. TCP 
stands for Transmission Control Protocol and is one of the big big 
mindbogglingly massively used protocols in use today. Almost every major
 protocol that we use on a daily basis- HTTP, FTP and SSH among a large 
list of others- utilizes TCP. The big benefit to TCP is that it has to 
establish the connection on both ends before any data begins to flow. It
 is also able to sync up this data flow so that if packets arrive out of
 order, the receiving system is able to figure out what the puzzle of 
packets is supposed to look like- that this packet goes before this one,
 this one goes here, this one doesn’t belong at all and looks sort of 
like a fish, etc. Because the list of ports for TCP is so massive, 
charts are commonplace to show what uses what, and Wikipedia’s which can
 be found here is excellent for a desk reference.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">8- What is UDP?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
The
 twin to TCP is UDP- User Datagram Protocol. Where TCP has a lot of 
additional under-the-hood features to make sure that everybody stays on 
the same page, UDP can broadcast ‘into the dark’- not really caring if 
somebody on the other end is listening (and thus is often called a 
‘connectionless’ protocol). As a result, the extra heavy lifting that 
TCP needs to do in order to create and maintain its connection isn’t 
required so UDP oftentimes has a faster transmission speed than TCP. An 
easy way to picture the differences between these two protocols is like 
this: TCP is like a CB radio, the person transmitting is always waiting 
for confirmation from the person on the other end that they received the
 message. UDP on the other hand is like a standard television broadcast 
signal. The transmitter doesn’t know or care about the person on the 
other end, all it does care about is that its signal is going out 
correctly. UDP is used primarily for ‘small’ bursts of information such 
as DNS requests where speed matters above nearly everything else. The 
above listing for TCP also contains counterparts for UDP, so it can be 
used as a reference for both.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">9- What is ICMP?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
ICMP
 is the Internet Control Message Protocol. Most users will recognize the
 name through the use of tools such as ping and traceroute, as this is 
the protocol that these services run over among other things. Its 
primary purpose is to tell systems when they are trying to connect 
remotely if the other end is available. Like TCP and UDP, it is a part 
of the IP suite and uses IP port number 1. Please note, this is not TCP 
port 1 or UDP port 1 as this is a different numbering scheme that for 
reference can be located here (For your reference, TCP uses IP port 6, 
while UDP uses IP port 17). That being said, different functions of ICMP
 use specific ports on TCP and UDP. For example, the ‘echo’ portion of 
ping (the part where someone else is able to ping you) uses TCP port 7.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">10- What are IP Classes?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
For
 the IP address that most people are familiar with (IPv4), there are 4 
sets (octets) of numbers, each with values of up to 255. You likely have
 run into this when troubleshooting a router or a DHCP server, when they
 are giving out addresses in a particular range- usually 192.x or 10.x 
in the case of a home or commercial network. IP classes are primarily 
differentiated by the number of potential hosts they can support on a 
single network. The more networks supported on a given IP class, the 
fewer addresses are available for each network. Class A networks run up 
to 127.x.x.x (with the exception of 127.0.0.1, which is reserved for 
loopback or localhost connections). These networks are usually reserved 
for the very largest of customers, or some of the original members of 
the Internet and xkcd has an excellent map (albeit a bit dated) 
located here showing who officially owns what. Class B (128.x to 191.x) 
and Class C (192.x to 223.x) networks are much more fuzzy at the top 
level about who officially owns them. Class C addresses are primarily 
reserved for in-house networks which is as we mentioned above why so 
many different manufacturers use 192.x as their default setting. Class D
 and E are reserved for special uses and normally are not required 
knowledge. </div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Like any frontier, there is a 
different kind of law on the network. Discovering a new untapped area 
can lead to a wealth of information, experience, profit and prosperity 
while it can also lead to corruption, abuse and tyranny. At this stage, 
everything is wide open and wonderous- a joy to explore and poke around 
in, but also extremely dangerous. There is very little in the way of 
defending yourself, and if you are caught unawares going into a dark 
corner of the web you could leave with far more than you bargained for- 
this usually doesn’t involve a movie contract unfortunately.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">11- What is DNS?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
In
 plain English, DNS is the Internet’s phone book. The Domain Name System
 is what makes it possible to only have to remember something like “cnn.com”
 instead of (at this particular moment) “157.166.226.26”. IP address 
change all the time however, although less so for mega-level servers. 
Human friendly names allow users to remember a something much easier and
 less likely to change frequently, and DNS makes it possible to map to 
those new addresses under the hood. If you were to look in a standard 
phone book and you know the name of the person or business you’re 
looking for, it will then show you the number for that person. DNS 
servers do exactly the same thing but with updates on a daily or hourly 
basis. The tiered nature of DNS also makes it possible to have repeat 
queries responded to very quickly, although it may take a few moments to
 discover where a brand new address is that you haven’t been to before. 
From your home, say that you wanted to go to the InfoSec Institute’s 
home page. You know the address for it, so you punch it in and wait. 
Your computer will first talk to your local DNS server (likely your home
 router) to see if it knows where it is. If it doesn’t know, it will 
talk to your ISP’s DNS server and ask it if it knows. If the ISP doesn’t
 know, it will keep going up the chain asking questions until it reaches
 one of the 13 Root DNS Servers. The responding DNS server will send the
 appropriate address back down the pipe, caching it in each location as 
it does so to make any repeat requests much faster.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">12- What is IPX?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
If
 you did any multiplayer PC gaming in the 90s and early 2000s, you 
likely knew of the IPX protocol as ‘the one that actually works’. IPX or
 Internetwork Packet Exchange was an extremely lightweight protocol, 
which as a result for the limits of computers of the age was a very good
 thing. A competitor to TCP/IP, it functions very well in small networks
 and didn’t require elements like DHCP and required little to no 
configuration, but does not scale well for applications like the 
Internet. As a result, it fell by the wayside and is now not a required 
protocol for most elements.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">13- What is Bonjour?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Although
 you may never have heard of this program, but if you have ever dealt 
with Apple devices you’ve seen its effects. Bonjour is one of the 
programs that come bundled with nearly every piece of Apple software 
(most notably iTunes) that handles a lot of its automatic discovery 
techniques. Best described as a hybrid of IPX and DNS, Bonjour discovers
 broadcasting objects on the network by using mDNS (multicast DNS) with 
little to no configuration required. Many admins will deliberately 
disable this service in a corporate environment due to potential 
security issues, however in a home environment it can be left up to the 
user to decide if the risk is worth the convenience.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">14- What is Appletalk?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
While
 we’re on the subject of Apple, Appletalk is a protocol developed by 
Apple to handle networking with little to no configuration (you may be 
sensing a pattern here). It reached its peak in the late 80s and early 
90s, but there are still some devices that utilize this protocol. Most 
of its core technology has been moved over to Bonjour, while UPnP 
(Universal Plug and Play) has picked up on its ideology and moved the 
concept forward across many different hardware and software packages.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">15- What is a Firewall?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A
 Firewall put simply keeps stuff from here talking to stuff over there. 
Firewalls exist in many different possible configurations with both 
hardware and software options as well as network and host varieties. 
Most of the general user base had their first introduction to Firewalls 
when Windows XP SP2 came along with Windows Firewall installed. This 
came with a lot of headaches, but to Microsoft’s credit it did a lot of 
good things. Over the years it has improved a great deal and while there
 are still many options that go above and beyond what it does, what 
Windows Firewall accomplishes it does very well. Enhanced server-grade 
versions have been released as well, and have a great deal of 
customization available to the admin.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">16- What is a Proxy Server?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Similar
 to how a DNS server caches the addresses of accessed websites, a proxy 
server caches the contents of those websites and handles the heavy 
lifting of access and retrieval for users. Proxy servers can also 
maintain a list of blacklisted and whitelisted websites so as to prevent
 users from getting easily preventable infections. Depending on the 
intentions of the company, Proxy servers can also be used for monitoring
 web activity by users to make sure that sensitive information is not 
leaving the building. Proxy servers also exist as Web Proxy servers, 
allowing users to either not reveal their true access point to websites 
they are accessing and/or getting around region blocking.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">17- What are Services</strong>?</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Services
 are programs that run in the background based on a particular system 
status such as startup. Services exist across nearly all modern 
operating systems, although vary in their naming conventions depending 
on the OS- for example, services are referred to as daemons in 
Unix/Linux-type operating systems. Services also have the ability to set
 up actions to be done if the program stops or is closed down. In this 
way, they can be configured to remain running at all times.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">18- What is a subnet mask?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A
 subnet mask tells the network how big it is. When an address is inside 
the mask, it will be handled internally as a part of the local network. 
When it is outside, it will be handled differently as it is not part of 
the local network. The proper use and calculation of a subnet mask can 
be a great benefit when designing a network as well as for gauging 
future growth.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">19- What are 127.0.0.1 and localhost?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Being
 able to ping out to a server and see if its responding is a great way 
to troubleshoot connectivity issues. But what if you’re not able to ping
 ANY server? Does that mean that your entire network is down? Does it 
mean that your network cable needs to be replaced? Does it mean that 
your network card is going bad? Or could it possibly be that sunspots, 
magnets, aliens and the Men In Black are all conspiring against you? The
 answers to these questions could be very difficult, but at the very 
least you can rule out if your network card is going bad. 127.0.0.1 is 
the loopback connection on your network interface card (NIC)- pinging 
this address will see if it is responding. If the ping is successful, 
then the hardware is good. If it isn’t, then you might have some 
maintenance in your future. 127.0.0.1 and localhost mean the same thing 
as far as most functions are concerned, however be careful when using 
them in situations like web programming as browsers can treat them very 
differently.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">20- What is the difference between a Workgroup and a Domain</strong>?</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A
 workgroup is a collection of systems each with their own rules and 
local user logins tied to that particular system. A Domain is a 
collection of systems with a centralized authentication server that 
tells them what the rules are. While workgroups work effectively in 
small numbers, once you pass a relatively low threshold (usually 
anything more than say 5 systems), it becomes increasingly difficult to 
manage permissions and sharing effectively. To put this another way, a 
workgroup is very similar to a P2P network- each member is its own 
island and chooses what it decides to share with the rest of the 
network. Domains on the other hand are much more like a standard 
client/server relationship- the individual members of the domain connect
 to a central server which handles the heavy lifting and standardization
 of sharing and access permissions. </div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
By 
now you’ve gotten quite a bit of virtual dust under your boots and have 
mapped out ‘safe zones’ that you frequent. You also have gotten used to 
the idea of being able have a safe zone in your home network and mapped 
out the lay of the land that falls under your domain. As a result, it 
now falls to you to help guide new arrivals around your resources, and 
make recommendations for those trying to traverse the wilderness of the 
Web. There are safe harbors and there are bandit territories, pirates 
and police, settlers and rustlers- and knowing which is which is a 
survival skill that must be mastered quickly. Otherwise you could end up
 making friends with a very nice Nigerian Prince, that oh so badly needs
 to find a partner in <insert country="" here="" name=""> and just needs 
some good faith collateral along with your bank account numbers, social 
security number, mother’s maiden name, her account numbers, etc.</insert></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">21- How does Tracert work and what protocol does it use?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Tracert
 or traceroute depending on the operating system allows you to see 
exactly what routers you touch as you move along the chain of 
connections to your final destination. If you end up with a problem 
where you can’t connect or can’t ping your final destination, a tracert 
can help in that regard as you can tell exactly where the chain of 
connections stop. With this information, you can contact the correct 
people- whether it be your own firewall, your ISP, your destination’s 
ISP or somewhere in the middle. Tracert, like ping, uses the ICMP 
protocol but also has the ability to use the first step of the TCP 
three-way handshake to send out SYN requests for a response.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">22- What is Two-Factor Authentication?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
The
 three basic ways to authenticate someone are: something they know 
(password), something they have (token), and something they are 
(biometrics). Two-factor authentication is a combination of two of these
 methods, oftentimes using a password and token setup, although in some 
cases this can be a PIN and thumbprint.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">23- What is an IDS?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
An
 IDS is an Intrusion Detection System with two basic variations: Host 
Intrusion Detection Systems and Network Intrusion Detection Systems. An 
HIDS runs as a background utility in the same as an anti-virus program 
for instance, while a Network Intrusion Detection System sniffs packets 
as they go across the network looking for things that aren’t quite 
ordinary. Both systems have two basic variants- signature based and 
anomaly based. Signature based is very much like an anti-virus system, 
looking for known values of known ‘bad things’ while anomaly looks more 
for network traffic that doesn’t fit the usual pattern of the network. 
This requires a bit more time to get a good baseline, but in the long 
term can be better on the uptake for custom attacks.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">24- What are the main differences between Windows Home, Windows Pro and Windows Server?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
If
 you were to ask a Microsoft Sales Rep this question, they would no 
doubt have hundreds of tweaks and performance boosts from system to 
system. In reality however there are two main differences between the 
Windows Home edition and Windows Professional: Joining a domain and 
built-in encryption. Both features are active in Professional only, as 
joining a domain is nearly a mandatory requirement for businesses. EFS 
(Encrypted File System) in and its successor Bitlocker are both also 
only present in Pro. While there are workarounds for both of these 
items, they do present a nice quality-of-life boost as well as allow 
easier standardization across multiple systems. That being said, the 
jump from Windows Pro to Windows Server is a monumental paradigm shift. 
While we could go through all of the bells and whistles of what makes 
Windows Server…Windows Server, it can be summed up very briefly as this:
 Windows Home and Pro are designed to connect outwards by default and 
are optimized as such. Windows Server is designed to have other objects 
connect to it, and as a result it is optimized severely for this 
purpose. Windows Server 2012 has taken this to a new extreme with being 
able to perform an installation style very similar to that of a 
Unix/Linux system with no GUI whatsoever. As a result, they claim that 
the attack vector of the Operating System has been reduced massively 
(when installing it in that mode)</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">25- What is the difference between ifconfig and ipconfig?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
ipconfig
 is one of the primary network connection troubleshooting and 
information tools available for Windows Operating Systems. It allows the
 user to see what the current information is, force a release of those 
settings if set by DHCP, force a new request for a DHCP lease, and clear
 out the local DNS cache among other functions it is able to handle. 
ifconfig is a similar utility for Unix/Linux systems that while at first
 glance seems to be identical, it actually isn’t. It does allow for very
 quick (and thorough) access to network connection information, it does 
not allow for the DHCP functions that ipconfig does. These functions in 
fact are handled by a separate service/daemon called dhcpd.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">26- What are the differences between PowerShell, Command Prompt and Bash?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
At
 a very basic level, there really isn’t one. As you progress up the 
chain however, you start to realize that there actually are a lot of 
differences in the power available to users (and admins) depending on 
how much you know about the different interfaces. Each of these 
utilities is a CLI- Command Line Interface- that allows for direct 
access to some of the most powerful utilities and settings in their 
respective operating systems. Command Prompt (cmd) is a Windows utility 
based very heavily on DOS commands, but has been updated over the years 
with different options such as long filename support. Bash (short for 
Bourne-Again Shell) on the other hand is the primary means of managing 
Unix/Linux operating systems and has a great deal more power than many 
of its GUI counterparts. Any Windows user that is used to cmd will 
recognize some of the commands due to the fact that DOS was heavily 
inspired by Unix and thus many commands have versions that exist in 
Bash. That being said, they may not be the best ones to use; for example
 while list contents (dir) exists in Bash, the recommended method would 
be to use list (ls) as it allows for much easier-to-understand 
formatting. Powershell, a newer Windows Utility, can be considered a 
hybrid of these two systems- allowing for the legacy tools of the 
command prompt with some of the much more powerful scripting functions 
of Bash.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">27- What is root?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
If
 you as a Linux admin “What is root”, you may very well get the response
 “root, god, what’s the difference?” Essentially root is THE admin, but 
in a Linux environment it is important to remember that unlike in a 
Windows environment, you spend very little time in a “privileged” mode. 
Many Windows programs over the years have required that the user be a 
local admin in order to function properly and have caused huge security 
issues as a result. This has changed some over the years, but it can 
still be difficult to remove all of the programs asking for top level 
permissions. A Linux user remains as a standard user nearly all the 
time, and only when necessary do they change their permissions to that 
of root or the superuser (su). sudo (literally- superuser do …) is the 
main way used to run one-off commands as root, or it is also possible to
 temporarily have a root-level bash prompt. UAC (User Account Control) 
is similar in theme to sudo, and like Windows Firewall can be a pain in 
the neck but it does do a lot of good. Both programs allow the user to 
engage higher-level permissions without having to log out of their 
current user session- a massive time saver.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">28- What is telnet?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Also
 known as the program that can give your admin nightmares, telnet is a 
very small and versatile utility that allows for connections on nearly 
any port. Telnet would allow the admin to connect into remote devices 
and administer them via a command prompt. In many cases this has been 
replaced by SSH, as telnet transmits its data in cleartext (like ftp). 
Telnet can and does however get used in cases where the user is trying 
to see if a program is listening on a particular port, but they want to 
keep a low profile or if the connection type pre-dates standard network 
connectivity methods.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">29- What are sticky ports?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Sticky
 ports are one of the network admin’s best friends and worst headaches. 
They allow you to set up your network so that each port on a switch only
 permits one (or a number that you specify) computer to connect on that 
port by locking it to a particular MAC address. If any other computer 
plugs into that port, the port shuts down and you receive a call that 
they can’t connect anymore. If you were the one that originally ran all 
the network connections then this isn’t a big issue, and likewise if it 
is a predictable pattern then it also isn’t an issue. However if you’re 
working in a hand-me-down network where chaos is the norm then you might
 end up spending a while toning out exactly what they are connecting to.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">30- Why would you add local users when on a domain machine?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Giving
 a user as few privileges as possible tends to cause some aggravation by
 the user, but by the same token it also removes a lot of easily 
preventable infection vectors. Still, sometimes users need to have local
 admin rights in order to troubleshoot issues- especially if they’re on 
the road with a laptop. Therefore, creating a local admin account may 
sometimes be the most effective way to keep these privileges separate.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
 The
 Doctor Effect- it always seems like whenever you go to the doctor to 
have something checked on, you can’t reproduce it. Many times its just 
bad timing, but other times its because whatever has you sick is so 
scared of dealing with the doctor that it just vanishes. Admins at this 
level can make some problems disappear just by walking into a room or 
touching the box. You are the person that gets called when everything 
else goes wrong, when the server is melting and when the CEO hasn’t 
backed up their data in 4 years to light their darkest hour. You may or 
may not have 80s rock ballads play whenever problems are resolved 
however.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">31- What is ARP?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
ARP,
 or Address Resolution Protocol can be likened to DNS for MAC Addresses.
 Standard DNS allows for the mapping of human-friendly URLs to IP 
addresses, while ARP allows for the mapping of IP addresses to MAC 
addresses. In this way it lets systems go from a regular domain name 
down to the actual piece of hardware it resides upon.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">32- What is EFS?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
The
 Encrypted File System, Microsoft’s built-in file encryption utility has
 been around for quite some time. Files that have been encrypted in such
 a way can appear in Windows Explorer with a green tint as opposed to 
the black of normal files or blue for NTFS compressed files. Files that 
have been encrypted are tied to the specific user, and it can be 
difficult to decrypt the file without the user’s assistance. On top of 
this, if the user loses their password it can become impossible to 
decrypt the files as the decryption process is tied to the user’s login 
and password. EFS can only occur on NTFS formatted partitions, and while
 it is capable of encrypting entire drives it is most often reserved to 
individual files and folders. For larger purposes, Bitlocker is a better
 alternative.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">33- What is Boot to LAN?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Boot
 to LAN is most often used when you are doing a fresh install on a 
system. What you would do is setup a network-based installer capable of 
network-booting via PXE. Boot to LAN enables this by allowing a pre-boot
 environment to look for a DHCP server and connect to the broadcasting 
network installation server. Environments that have very large numbers 
of systems more often than not have the capability of pushing out images
 via the network. This reduces the amount of hands-on time that is 
required on each system, and keeps the installs more consistent.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">34- What are Terminal Services?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
The
 ability to remote into servers without having to actually be there is 
one of the most convenient methods of troubleshooting or running normal 
functions on a server- Terminal Services allow this capability for 
admins, but also another key function for standard users: the ability to
 run standard applications without having to have them installed on 
their local computers. In this way, all user profiles and applications 
can be maintained from a single location without having to worry about 
patch management and hardware failure on multiple systems.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">35- What are Shadow Copies?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Shadow
 copies are a versioning system in place on Windows operating systems. 
This allows for users to go back to a previously available version of a 
file without the need for restoring the file from a standard backup- 
although the specific features of shadow copies vary from version to 
version of the OS. While it is not necessary to use a backup function in
 conjunction with Shadow Copies, it is recommended due to the additional
 stability and reliability it provides. Please note- Shadow Copies are 
not Delta Files. Delta files allow for easy comparison between versions 
of files, while Shadow Copies store entire previous versions of the 
files.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">36- Why would you use external media such as Tapes or Hard Disks for Backups?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
External
 Media has been used for backups for a very long time, but has started 
to fall out of favor in the past few years due to its speed limitations.
 As capacities continue to climb higher and higher, the amount of time 
it takes to not only perform a backup but also a restore skyrockets. 
Tapes have been particularly hit hard in this regard, primarily because 
they were quite sluggish even before the jump to the terabyte era. 
Removable hard disks have been able to pick up on this trend however, as
 capacity and price have given them a solid lead in front of other 
options. But this takes us back to the question- why use EXTERNAL media?
 Internal media usually is able to connect faster, and is more reliable 
correct? Yes and no. While the estimated lifetime of storage devices has
 been steadily going up, there is always the chance for user error, data
 corruption, or hiccups on the hard disk. As a result, having regular 
backups to external media is still one of the best bang-for-buck methods
 available. Removable hard disks now have the capability to connect very
 rapidly, even without the use of a dedicated hot-swap drive bay. 
Through eSATA or USB3, these connections are nearly as fast as if they 
were plugged directly into the motherboard.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">37- What is the difference between RDP and KVM?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
RDP
 or Remote Desktop Protocol is the primary method by which Windows 
Systems can be remotely accessed for troubleshooting and is a 
software-driven method. KVM or Keyboard Video and Mouse on the other 
hand allows for the fast-switching between many different systems, but 
using the same keyboard, monitor and mouse for all. KVM is usually a 
hardware-driven system, with a junction box placed between the user and 
the systems in question- but there are some options that are enhanced by
 software. KVM also doesn’t require an active network connection, so it 
can be very useful for using the same setup on multiple networks without
 having cross-talk.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">38- What is the difference between a print server and a network attached printer?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A
 print server can refer to two different options- an actual server that 
shares out many different printers from a central administration point, 
or a small dedicated box that allows a legacy printer to connect to a 
network jack. A network attached printer on the other hand has a network
 card built into it, and thus has no need for the latter option. It can 
still benefit from the former however, as network attached printers are 
extremely useful in a corporate environment since they do not require 
the printer to be connected directly to a single user’s system.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">39- What is /etc/passwd?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
/etc/passwd
 is the primary file in Unix/Linux operating system that stores 
information about user accounts and can be read by all users. 
/etc/shadow many times is used by the operating system instead due to 
security concerns and increased hashing capabilities. /etc/shadow more 
often than not is highly restricted to privileged users.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">40- What is port forwarding?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
When
 trying to communicate with systems on the inside of a secured network, 
it can be very difficult to do so from the outside- and with good 
reason. Therefore, the use of a port forwarding table within the router 
itself or other connection management device, can allow for specific 
traffic to be automatically forwarded on to a particular destination. 
For example, if you had a web server running on your network and you 
wanted access to be granted to it from the outside, you would setup port
 forwarding to port 80 on the server in question. This would mean that 
anyone putting in your IP address in a web browser would be connected up
 to the server’s website immediately. Please note, this is usually not 
recommended to allow access to a server from the outside directly into 
your network. </div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
“The Grid. A digital 
frontier. I tried to picture clusters of information as they moved 
through the computer. What do they look like? Ships, motorcycles; Were 
the circuits like freeways?” There comes a point in the career of a 
Network Admin when you look at the network that you have been 
administering and troubleshooting and realize that they can visualize 
every connection into and out of the network. They feel protective of 
the network by instinct, and want to guard against any unwanted abuse of
 it. Engineering the perfect system is impossible, but it is sometimes 
possible to get close. Predicting the needs of your users 3 steps ahead 
of what they believe they could use, knowing how long particular 
hardware is going to last, futureproofing for future iterations of the 
network, the skillset is absolutely massive. Just try not to get sucked 
in without a way out.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">41- Why would you virtualize systems?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Virtual
 Machines have only recently come into mainstream use, however they have
 been around under many different names for a long time. With the 
massive growth of hardware outstripping software requirements, it is now
 possible to have a server lying dormant 90% of the time while having 
other older systems at max capacity. Virtualizing those systems would 
allow the older operating systems to be copied completely and running 
alongside the server operating system- allowing the use of the newer 
more reliable hardware without losing any information on the legacy 
systems. On top of this, it allows for much easier backup solutions as 
everything is on a single server.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">42- Why would you create logon scripts?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Logon
 scripts are, surprisingly enough, scripts that run at logon time. These
 are used most times to allow for the continued access to share and 
device mapping as well as forcing updates and configuration changes. In 
this way, it allows for one-step modifications if servers get changed, 
shares get renamed, or printers get switched out for example.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">43- What is the difference between Single Mode and Multimode Fiber?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
The
 simple answer is that Multimode is cheaper but can’t transmit as far. 
Single Mode has a smaller core (the part that handles light) than 
Multimode, but is better at keeping the light intact. This allows it to 
travel greater distances and at higher bandwidths than Multimode. The 
problem is that the requirements for Single Mode are very specific and 
as a result it usually is more expensive than Multimode. Therefore for 
applications, you will usually see Multimode in the datacenter with 
Single Mode for long-haul connections.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">44- What does it mean when you receive an NTFS Error: 5?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Error
 5 is very common when dealing with files and directories that have very
 specific permissions. When trying to copy elements from areas that have
 restricted permissions, or when trying to copy files to an area that 
has restricted permissions, you may get this error which basically means
 “Access denied”. Checking out permissions, making sure that you have 
the appropriate permissions to both the source and destination 
locations, and making yourself the owner of those files can help to 
resolve this issue. Just remember that if you are not intended to be 
able to view these files to return the permissions back to normal once 
you are finished.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">46- Why is it easier to maintain permissions via groups instead of individually?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
As
 you can see from the demonstration up above, if you try to work out 
permissions for every single person in your organization individually 
you can give yourself a migraine pretty quickly. Therefore, trying to 
simplify permissions but keep them strong is critical to administering a
 large network. Groups allow users to be pooled by their need to know 
and need to access particular information. In this way, it allows the 
administrator to set the permissions once- for the group- then add users
 to that group. When modifications to permissions need to be made, its 
one change that affects all members of that group.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">47- What is the difference between a Forest, a Tree, and a Domain?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
When
 you’re working in Active Directory, you see a tree-type structure going
 down through various organizational units (OU’s). The easiest way to 
explain this is to run through a hypothetical example.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Say
 that we had a location reporting for CNN that dealt with nothing but 
the Detroit Lions. So we would setup a location with a single domain, 
and computers for each of our users. This would mean starting at the 
bottom: OU’s containing the users, groups and computers are at the 
lowest level of this structure. A Domain is a collection of these OU’s 
as well as the policies and other rules governing them. So we could call
 this domain ‘CNNDetroitLions”. A single domain can cover a wide area 
and include multiple physical sites, but sometimes you need to go 
bigger.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A tree is a collection of domains 
bundled together by a common domain trunk, rules, and structure. If CNN 
decided to combine all of its football team sites together in a common 
group, so that its football sports reporters could go from one location 
to the next without a lot of problems, then that would be a tree. So 
then our domain could be joined up into a tree called ‘football’, and 
then the domain would be ‘CNNDetroitLions.football’ while another site 
could be called ‘CNNChicagoBears.football’.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Sometimes
 you still need to go bigger still, where a collection of trees is 
bundled together into a Forest. Say CNN saw that this was working great 
and wanted to bring together all of its reporters under a single unit- 
any reporter could login to any CNN controlled site and call this Forest
 ‘cnn.com’ So then our domain would become ‘CNNDetroitLions.football.cnn.com’ with another member of this same Forest could be called ‘CNNNewYorkYankees.baseball.cnn.com’, while yet another member could be ‘CNNLasVegas.poker.cnn.com’.
 Typically the larger an organization, the more complicated it becomes 
to administer, and when you get to something as large as this it becomes
 exponentially more difficult to police.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">48- What are the differences between Local, Global and Universal Groups?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Microsoft themselves answer very succinctly here.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
“A <em class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">domain local group</em> is
 a security or distribution group that can contain universal groups, 
global groups, other domain local groups from its own domain, and 
accounts from any domain in the forest. You can give domain local 
security groups rights and permissions on resources that reside only in 
the same domain where the domain local group is located.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A <em class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">global group</em> is
 a group that can be used in its own domain, in member servers and in 
workstations of the domain, and in trusting domains. In all those 
locations, you can give a global group rights and permissions and the 
global group can become a member of local groups. However, a global 
group can contain user accounts that are only from its own domain.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A <em class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">universal group</em> is
 a security or distribution group that contains users, groups, and 
computers from any domain in its forest as members. You can give 
universal security groups rights and permissions on resources in any 
domain in the forest. Universal groups are not supported.”</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
49- What are Strong Password Requirements?</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
An excellent guide to password strength can be found on Wikipedia’s password strength entry located here.</div>
<ul class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<li class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">“Use a minimum password length of 12 to 14 characters if permitted.</li>
<li class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Include lowercase and uppercase alphabetic characters, numbers and symbols if permitted.</li>
<li class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Generate passwords randomly where feasible.</li>
<li class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Avoid using the same password twice (eg. across multiple user accounts and/or software systems).</li>
<li class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Avoid
 character repetition, keyboard patterns, dictionary words, letter or 
number sequences, usernames, relative or pet names, romantic links 
(current or past) and biographical information (e.g. ID numbers, 
ancestors’ names or dates).</li>
<li class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Avoid using information that is or might become publicly associated with the user or the account.</li>
<li class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Avoid using information that the user’s colleagues and/or acquaintances might know to be associated with the user.</li>
<li class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Do not use passwords which consist wholly of any simple combination of the aforementioned weak components.”</li>
</ul>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">50- What is SNMP?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
SNMP
 is the “Simple Network Management Protocol”. Most systems and devices 
on a network are able to tell when they are having issues and present 
them to the user through either prompts or displays directly on the 
device. For administrators unfortunately, it can be difficult to tell 
when there is a problem unless the user calls them over. On devices that
 have SNMP enabled however, this information can be broadcast and picked
 up by programs that know what to look for. In this way, reports can be 
run based on the current status of the network, find out what patches 
are current not installed, if a printer is jammed, etc. In large 
networks this is a requirement, but in any size network it can serve as a
 resource to see how the network is fairing and give a baseline of what 
its current health is.</div>
</div>

Network Protocols

Network Protocols ‏ Q: What is HTTP and what port does it use? HTTP or HyperText Transfer Protocol, is the main protocol re...

6:50:00 PM

خلاصة أسئلة وأجوبه الانترفيو فى إطار ال CCNA و ال ADSL‏

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<div>
<h2 class="_5clb">
خلاصة أسئلة وأجوبه الانترفيو فى إطار ال CCNA و ال ADSL‏<span class="timelineUnitContainer"></span></h2>
</div>
<div class="_5k3v _5k3w clearfix">
<div>
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم :-----------------------------جارى العمل عليها _تحت التعديل_<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
_هحط
 هنا زتونة بحث طويل عن اسئلة الانترفيو فى مجال ال ADSL وكمان تغطيه لكورس
 ال CCNA_الرابط ما بينهم هوا ضعيف اى نعم لان وظيفة ال ADSL تكفيك لها 
معرفتك بمبادئى الشبكات ومجرد مصطلحات تعريفيه ومش هتحتاج اى 
 configuration ولكن هتلاقى دايما من متطلبات وظيفة ال ADSL T.S. او 
Customer Service انك تكون معاك حتى لو مزاكره اونلى CCNA<br />
_إن شاء الله ال Note تحت التجديد المستمر كل ما ألاقى سؤال فكرته مكنتش موجوده هزوده معانا هنا<br />
_
 نبدأ بقى وهحاول بردو ان الاسئله تكون مرتبه تبعا للمنهج .. بس خللى بالك 
لما هتتسأل فى الانترفيو انت _هتتسوح_ يعنى اللى هيسألك مش لازم يبقى مرتب 
اسئلته حسب المنهج ولا شرط كمان يبدأ بسؤال سهل صغنن كدا :P :v :D<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div>
اول لما بتدخل الانترفيو بتسلم علي اللي بيعملك الانترفيو ... السلام بيكون فورمال يعني    hello .. how are you<br />
<strong>اسئلة انترفيو الاتش ار - HR</strong><br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">----------------------------------------</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: <strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Introduce yourself in English ? </strong></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"> </strong></strong> 
   My Name is XYZ, I'm ... years old, I'm from ......., graduated from 
Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Communication Department in 2014,    
  I’m (Engaged-Single) and (Postponed-Exempted-) from the Military 
Service,     I’m very good in English and old handed in Computer,     
 I’am a CCNA certified.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: <strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">where do u see yourself after 5 years</span></strong></span></strong></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Bad Answer</span> "doing your job, replacing your position".</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Good Answer</span>
 : I'd like to have more understanding of the information technology 
tracks, I'd like to be in some type of managing roles in this comany, 
where i can use my people skills and my knowledge to benefit the people 
working for me and the whole comany.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: what is your strength points ?</span></strong></span></strong></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
    <span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Bad Answer</span> : I am full of strenght points, I can do any thing at the work.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
    <span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Good Answe</span>r : My Strenght points such like goos in Presentation and team leadership. </div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: what is your weakness <strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">points ?</strong></span></strong></span></strong></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Bad Answer</span> : I havenot any weakness point. <span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Bad Answe</span>r : Everbody have weakness point.<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr"> </span></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Good Answe</span>r : I have a weekness point with anger, but I used to deal with it until disappeared.  </div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: <span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">why I should hire you</span></span></strong></span></strong></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Bad Answer</span> : I am the best camdidte for this Vacancy.<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr"> </span></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Good Answe</span>r
 : I have taken the time to educate my self on the software, which means
 i can work faster, and take over some traditional works. finally, 
what's good enough for most people is not really good enough for me. </div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: Why do you want to leave you Current Job</span></span></strong></span></strong></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Bad Answer</span> : I can't stand my work and my boss.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Good Answe</span>r : I've learnt a lot from my cureent role and now i am looking for a new challeng to gain new skills.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
I choose ...... because it’s the biggest company in
 this Field, and that’s the Place where I can get my experience better</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: What Salary You are looking for ?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Bad Answer</span> : In my last job i earned 2000,so now I expect to earn 3000</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Good Answer</span>
 : I'm more intersted in the role itself than the salary, and I expect 
to be paid the appropriate salary for this vacancy depend on my two      
                   years experince.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: What motivaties you ?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Bad Answer</span> : Doing a good jop and being rewarded for it.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Good Answer</span>
 : Working in a challenge environment keeps me motivated, being 
resposibile for dead line delivers with succes rate 100% makes me do    
                     the best.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q:
 you received a Customer asks about new router Configuration and you 
didn’t hear about this router till now, What will you do ?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A: 1- Welcome the Customer</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
    2- Asking about router type </div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
    3- Put the Customer on hold with polite way</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
    4- Asking my Team Leaders, Supervisors about this new type, try to search on TEData.net</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
    5- If I didn’t get any info. I’ll Google it</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
    6- If I didn’t get info, I’ll say that we have System Update now, and asking Customer politely to call us after 2 hours</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: What do you know about customer service</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
--Customer
 service is the basic stage at any respectable company,--which makes the
 relation between the customer and his company much better by serving 
him in a perfect way to reach his satisfaction. --There are three types 
of customer service field 1- by phone , 2- face to face and public 3- or
 via a visit. </div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: ROLE PLAY</strong>   ( مكالمة بتاخدها من حد من الممتحنين ) :</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Q :- ألو</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A :- مسـاء الخير .. تي اي داتا .. احمد محمد مع حضرتك</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Q :- مســـاء الزفت .. النت فـاصل</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A :- اتشرف باسم حضرتك يا فندم</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Q :- هباب الطين</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A :- اتشرف باسم حضرتك للترحيب</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Q :- مسعد</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A :- اهلا بيك يا استـاذ مسعد .. حضرتك بتشرفني بالاتصال من نفس الرقم اللي عليه خدمة الدي اس ال</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Q :- اه</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A :- اللي هو 99875937589</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Q :- تمام</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A :- دلوقتي يا فندم احنا بنعمل متابعه على خط حضرتك .. حضرتك ممكن تشوف الخدمة رجعت تاني ولا لء ؟؟</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Q :- لاء ما رجعتش</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A
 :- كده يا استــاذ مسعد واضح ان العيب ادامي من السنترال و انا هابعت 
المشكلة دي للقسم المختص و ان شاء الله في خلال يومين فيه مهندس هينزل 
السنترال التابع لحضرتك و المشكلة دي هتتحل</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Q :- اوك</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A :- اي استفسار تاني يا فندم</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Q :- شكرا</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A :- استاذ مسعد .. شكرا لاتصالك ب تي اي داتا</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
(
 و المشاكل زي دي .. اهم حاجة انك تلاقي حل للمشكلة و تستخدم اسمة و ترحب 
بيه وتمشى على نفس السكونس لانى دى فورمه لازم تتقال ومتفق عليها. )<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Technical Iterview :</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">-------------------------</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: <strong><span class=""><span class="">ايه هوا الـ OSI ؟</span></span></strong></strong><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"> </span></span></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Open
 system Interconnection. standard model consists of 7-layers created by 
the ISO.its a reference model  that used to unit all vendors around the 
same model to build the network devices, and understand the frame 
structrue when moving between any src and dest in the network.</div>
ويتكون من سبع طبقات كل منها له مهام معينه اثناء انتقال الداتا من المرسل الى المستقبل وكل منها تعمل بها بروتوكلات معينه .<br />
لتوحيد جميع الأتصالات التى تحدث في عالم الشبكات وتحديدا مصنعي ومطوري أجهزة الشبكات.<br />
تقسيم
 الأتصال عبر الشبكة إلى أجزاء أصغر وأبسط وتوحيد معظم مصنعي أجهزة الشبكات
 تحت منظومة واحدة وقياسية والسماح لأنوع مختلفة من الشبكات هاردوير كانت 
أو سوفت وير بالتواصل فيما بينها السماح بعمل تغييرات بشكل منفصل بحيث لا 
تؤثر تغييرات كل طبقة على غيرها من الطبقات والذي يساهم في عملية التصميم 
وحل المشاكل.<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"> </strong><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"> </strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<strong>قارن ما بين ال Router و ال switch ؟ اى هوا الراوتر ؟ اى هوا السويتش ؟ </strong><br />
<span class="">الراوتر</span>
 هوا layer -3 device يعنى يعمل فى الطبقه التالته ال Network من السبع 
طبقات فى ال OSI Model. فايدته : انى بستعمله للربط ما بين اكتر من شبكه 
مختلفين فى ال IP Addresses وبيبقى داخل الراوتر يوجد routing table لعمل 
توجيه للداتا من ال src الى ال dest.<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<span class="">السويتش</span>
 هوا Layer -2 device يعنى يعمل فى الطبقه التانيه ال Datalink من السبع 
طبقات فى ال OSI Model. فايدته : انى بستعمله للربط ما بين مجموعه من 
الأجهزه Hosts داخل نفس الشبكه لعمل sharing فيما بينهم للداتا ولا يحتوى 
على routing table لان السويتش لا يفهم IP Addresses وبالتالى لا يمكن ان 
يربط ما بين شبكتين مختلفين عن بعض . يحتوى على MAC Addresse Table لعمل 
سويتشنج للداتا ما بين الأجهزه وبعضها اعتمادا على ال MAC Address لل src و
 ال dest.<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<strong><strong><span class=""><strong><span class=""><span class=""><strong><span class=""><span class="">ايه هو الـ DNS ؟</span></span></strong></span></span></strong></span></strong></strong><br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
هوا اختصار ل <span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Domain Name service</span>
 وهوا عباره عن سيرفر يقوم بعمل ترجمه Traslation ما بين ال IP Addresse 
لأاى موقع وما بين ال site name (URL) وتسمى العمليه ب DNS Resolution ربط 
الاي بي بدومين معين (طريقة اسهل واسرع بدلا من كتابة رقم الاي بي في 
المتصفح ) فيما يخص أنظمة تشغيل ميكروسوفت فإنها قبل ويندوز 2000 أي عندما 
كان يستخدم ويندوز NT كانت تعتمد على نظام (Windows Internet Name Service 
(WINS و الذي كان يقوم بنفس مهمة DNS لكنه كان يعتمد على البرتوكول NetBIOS
 لهذا كان نظاما خاصا بميكروسوفت و لا يعمل على أي من أنظمة التشغيل الأخرى
 أما DNS فهو نظام متوافق مع أغلب أنظمة التشغيل لهذا قررت ميكروسوفت 
ابتداء من ويندوز 2000 و ما يليه أ، تستخدمه عوضا عن WINS.<strong>ما هى طريقة خطوات اتصال الزائر بالموقع ؟ </strong><br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
بعد كتابة الزائر لرابط الموقع في المتصفح مثلاً<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
example.com</div>
والضغط على انتر يحصل اتصال بين متصفح الزائر و سيرفرات ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
DNS</div>
لمقدم خدمة الانترنت مثل<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
TEData </div>
سيرفر ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
DNS</div>
الموجود لدى ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
ISP</div>
تحفظ كل دومين والنيم سيرفر الخاص به بهذة الطريقة مثلا الدومين<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
google.com</div>
النيم سيرفر الخاص بة<br />
هو<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
ns1.google.com</div>
بس بكده مش هنقدر نوصل للموقع لان الاي بي غير متوفر عندنا وعشان كده يحدث استعلام عن هذا النيم سيرفر الي تكلمنا عنة الي هو<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
ns1.google.com</div>
حتى نقدر نوصل للاي بي الخاص بة !!!!<br />
طيب بنسأل مين بقه عن الاي بي الخاص بهذا النيم سيرفر ؟؟؟<br />
راح نسأل شركة تسجيل الدومينات عن هذا النيم سيرفر وما هو الاي بي الخاص بة زى مثلا<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
enom او godaddy</div>
الان سألنا اينوم عن الاي بي المسجل ل النيم سيرفر<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
ns1.google.com</div>
وردت لنا اينوم ب الاي بي مثلاً مثلا<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
127.0.0.1</div>
الان يحدث الاتصال بين المتصفح وسيرفر الموقع<br />
وحتى
 يتاكد السيرفر الخاص بشركة جوداداى او اينوم من تسجيل الدومين لدية يبحث 
عن سجلات الدومين اذا كان الدومين غير موجود يظهر لنا الخطأ المشهور<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
DNS error</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<strong>من أين نحصل على عنوان </strong><br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">DNS </strong></div>
<strong>للدومين </strong><br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">com؟</strong></div>
<strong>ف</strong>ي هذه الحالة نسأل<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
DNS</div>
عن الدومين الأب و الذي يطلق عليه ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Root DNS</div>
حيث يوجد 13 سيرفر<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
DNS</div>
خاصة بالجذر و يتم الحصول على عناوينها من ملف اسمه<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
cache.dns</div>
تقوم ميكروسوفت بتوفيره لك عند تسطيب خدمة<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
DNS</div>
على السيرفر و تجده في المجلد التالي<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
:windowssystem32dns</div>
بهذه الطريقة يتصل المتصفح بأحد سيرفرات<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
DNS</div>
للجذر و الذي يعطيه بدوره عناوين سيرفرات<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
DNS</div>
للدومين الكبير<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
.com</div>
ليتصل بأحدها و الذي يعطيه بدوره عناوين سيرفرات<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
DNS</div>
للدومين<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
facebook</div>
ليتصل
 به و يعرف عنوان الجهاز المسئول عن تشغيل خدمة الويب و يحتوي على الموقع و
 هكذا بإتباع هذه الخطوات يتمكن متصفح الانترنت من العثور على العنوان 
الصحيح للموقع و يعرضه لك.<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"> </strong><br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<strong><strong><span class=""><strong><span class=""><span class=""><strong><span class=""><span class="">ايه هو DHCP ؟</span></span></strong></span></span></strong></span></strong></strong><br />
هوا ا اختصار ل <span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol</span>
 ويقوم بعمل توزيع اوتوماتيكى للكونفجيوراشن بالكامل على كل جهاز داخل 
النتوورك بدل من كتابة الكونفجر مانوال على كل جهاز وبالتالى تم توفير وقت 
وجهد وإلغاء عامل الخطأ البشرى اللى ممكن يسبب تكرار لل IP على اكتر من 
جهاز مما يسبب IP Conflict.<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Assign All 
TCP-IP Cinfiguration automatic thats not only assign the IP Address, but
 Also Assign the Subnet mask, The default Gateway and the DNS IP.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<strong><strong><span class=""><strong><span class=""><span class=""><strong><span class=""><span class="">ايه هو الـ PPPOE او PPPOX ؟</span></span></strong></span></span></strong></span></strong></strong><br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<strong><strong><span class=""><strong><span class=""><span class=""><strong><span class=""><span class="">ايه انواع الـ wireless ؟</span></span></strong></span></span></strong></span></strong></strong><br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
wifi, wimax, blutooth, IR, microwave</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<strong><strong><span class=""><strong><span class=""><span class=""><strong><span class=""><span class=""> ايه هو NAT ؟</span></span></strong></span></span></strong></span></strong></strong><br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr"> Network Address Translation </span></span></span></strong></span></span></strong></span></strong></strong><span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr"> </span>وبيتم
 استعامل هذع العمليه فى التحويل ما بين ال private and Public IPs , وبكده
 يتم توفير عدد الايبيهات ال Public وتوفير مقابلها المادى الكبير وله تلات
 أنواع او تلات طرق للتنفيذ : </div>
غرض ال NAT التغلب على مشكلة عدم توفر العدد الكافي من الأيبيهات (IPv4 ) ، هنا سيكون لدي public ipواحد يستخدمه الكل .<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">1- Static NAT : </span></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
each private IP has a static Public IP</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">2- Dynamic NAT : </span></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr"> </span>a group of private IPs has a group of Public IPs which changes dinamically among each other.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">3-Port Address NAT :</span> </div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
a group of private IPs has a one Public IP and defineamong them by port no.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Configuration :</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<em class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">1- Static NAT</span></strong></em></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<em class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr"> </span></strong></em>Allow PC 0 to use the internet and appear at the outside networks by 200.1.1.3</div>
المطلوب هنا نسمح لــ<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
PC 0</div>
باستخدام الـ<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Internet</div>
بواسطة اننا هانجعل يظهر فى الشبكات الخارجية بــ<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Public IP</div>
وهو 200.1.1.3<br />
وده هايتم باخطوات التالية<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#int fa 0/0R1(config-if)#ip nat inside</div>
هنا بعرف الــ<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Router</div>
ان<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Fa 0/0</div>
بيطل على الشبكة الداخلية<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#int s 2/0R1(config-if)#ip nat outside</div>
هنا بعرف الــ<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Router</div>
ان<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
S 2/0</div>
بيطل على الشبكة الخارجية<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.2 200.1.1.3</div>
وهنا الامر الرئيسى لـ<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Static NAT</div>
وهنا بقول للـ<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Router</div>
ان ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
private ip</div>
الفلانى لما يحب يخرج لشبكة تانية اظهره فى الشبكة الخارجية بــالـ<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
public ip الفلانى</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1# show ip nat translations</div>
وهنا من الامر ده بعرف انا عامل<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
NAT</div>
لكام<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Device</div>
واعرف منه ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
ip</div>
الخاص به فى الشبكة الداخلية ولما يخرج لشبكة اخرى هايبقى ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
ip</div>
بتاعه ايه ..<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#no ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.2 200.1.1.3</div>
الامر ده علشان الغى ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
NAT</div>
من على الـ<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Router</div>
علشان انتقل للمرحلة القادمة وهي الــ<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><em class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">2- Dynamic NAT</span></em></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#int fa 0/0</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config-if)#ip nat insideR1(config)</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
#int s 2/0</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config-if)#ip nat outside</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#ip nat pool DEEB 200.1.1.3 200.1.1.254 netmask 255.255.255.0</div>
هنا بعرف<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
range</div>
لل<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
public ip</div>
واديته اسم<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
DEEB</div>
وممكن اى اسم اخر<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 pool DEEB</div>
هنا بعرف ان اى جهاز واخد<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
private ip</div>
فى الشبكة ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
inside</div>
لما يروح يكلم اى حد من شبكة خارجية ياخد من<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
range</div>
ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
public ip</div>
اللى اسمه<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
DEEB</div>
ومعنى<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
list 1</div>
اى طبق على ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
inside interface</div>
ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
access-list اللى رقمها</div>
1<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1# show ip nat translations</div>
وهنا من الامر ده بعرف انا عامل<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
NAT</div>
لكام<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Device</div>
واعرف منه ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
ip</div>
الخاص به فى الشبكة الداخلية ولما يخرج لشبكة اخرى هايبقى ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
ip</div>
بتاعه ايه ..<br />
ملحوظة : الامر<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
show ip nat translation</div>
مش هايطلع اى نتائج الا بعد ان استخدم الاجهزة ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
inside</div>
خارج الشبكة الداخلية بمعنى اخر ممكن اعمل<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
ping</div>
على اى جهاز فى شبكة خارجية وبعد ذلك سوف تظهر النتائج<br />
سؤال : بفرض ان جميع ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
public IP</div>
محجوزة لمجموعة من الـ<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
private IP</div>
و بعض الاجهزة التى حجزت ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
public ip</div>
لا تستخدمه حاليا ..واريد ان احرر بعض ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
public IP</div>
لاتيح للاجهزة الاخرى خدمة الانترنت مثلا ماذا افعل ؟<br />
الحل لهذه المشكلة يمكن بطريقتين<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
1- First way</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#clear ip nat translation*// this command Deletes all dynamic translations</div>
وهذا الامر بيحذف جميع ال Nat table الخاصة بــ Dynamic NAT<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
2- Second way</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#ip nat translation timeout (time by seconds)</div>
والامر ده بحدد فيه الوقت للــ<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Dynamic NAT</div>
بمعنى ان لو الجهاز مش عمل اى حاجة على الشبكات الخارجية خلال الوقت ده ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
session</div>
بتتقفل وبيتحذف من ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
NAT table</div>
ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
ip address inside global</div>
الخاص بالجهاز ده بحيث يسمح لباقى الاجهزة انها تاخد دورها .والوقت الافتراضى هو<br />
86400<br />
اى<br />
24<br />
ساعة وممكن اغير فيه زى ما احب وممكن الغيه خالص يعنى لو فضل طول عمره من غير ما يعمل حاجة هايفضل واخد ال<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
public ip</div>
اللى هو حجزه فى الاول .<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><em class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">3- NAT Overload</span></em></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#int fa 0/0</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config-if)#ip nat inside</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#int s 2/0</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config-if)#ip nat outside</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#ip nat pool DEEB 200.1.1.3 200.1.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.0</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 pool DEEB overload</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
R1(config)#access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: What TCP/IP means ?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
That means <span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">Trasmission Control Protocol/Internet protocol</span>. called <span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">TCP/IP Suite</span> or <span class="fbUnderline _5wjy" dir="ltr">TCP/IP Stack</span>.Thats
 made by the department of deffense (DOD) of America, وهو عباره عن حزمه 
من لبروتوكولات واللتى تضمن عملية التشبيك ونقل الداتا من المصدر الى 
المستقبل وهوا عباره عن خمس طبقات 5-layers</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Switch : use Rj45.</span></span></strong></span></span></strong></span></strong></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Splitter: use Rj11.Modem: use rj11 with the splitter, and rj 45 with the PCs.  </span></span></strong></span></span></strong></span></strong></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
iMesh ----------this is a peer to peer programme.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Azureus ------- this is a torrent programme.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Outlook --------this is a mail client programme. </div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">ADSL</strong> : Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line </div>
تكنولوجيا
 توصيل الاجهزه على شبكه الانترنت العالميه عن طريق استعمال شبكة 
التليفونات الأرضيه  PSTN حيث يتم تحميل الداتا الخاصه بالإنترنت على نفس 
الكابل النحاس الخاص بنقل اشارة الفويس من السنترال الى المنزل الخاص 
بالعميل .<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: What are the types of internet Service ?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: Differentiate between DSL, ISDN and Dial UP ?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: What HTTP stands for and what port does it use?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A: <span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">HTTP
 or Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, is the main protocol responsible for 
shiny content on the Web. Most webpages still use thisprotocol to 
transmit their basic website content and allows for the display and 
navigation of ‘hypertext’ or links. While HTTP can use a number of 
different carrier protocols to go from system to system, the primary 
protocol and port used is TCP port 80.</span></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"> </strong><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: What is HTTPS and what port does it use?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
HTTPS
 or Secure HTTP (Not to be confused with SHTTP, which is an unrelated 
protocol), is HTTP’s big brother. Designed to be able to be used for 
identity verification, HTTPS uses SSL certificates to be able to verify 
that the server you are connecting to is the one that it says it is. 
While there is some encryption capability of HTTPS, it is usually deemed
 not enough and further encryption methods are desired whenever 
possible. HTTPS traffic goes over TCP port 443.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: What FTP stands for ?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A: File Transfer Protocol</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">Q: What do you know about IPv5 ?</strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
Internet Streaming Protocol وتم انتاجه لاختبار ارسال الصوت والفيديو ونتائج المحاكاة.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
A: IPv5 :Internet Stream Protocol-was never introduced for public use.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
-First specified in 1979 , second version specified in 1990</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
-The final version of ST2 or ST2+ was drafted by the IETF ST2 Working group and published as RFC 1819 ,</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
-ST2 distinguishes its own packets with an Internet Protocol version number 5 although it was never known as IPv5</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
-ST
 uses the same IP address structure and the same link layer protocol 
number (ethertype 0x800) as IP There is a “datagram mode” in which ST 
packets can be encapsulated over IP headers using protocol number 5, the
 first four (4) bits of the packet; ST has been assigned the value 5</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
 بعض الاختصارات :<br />
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
----------------------------</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">1-ipconfig:</span></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"> </span></strong>displays
 all current TCP/IP configuration values and refreshes Dynamic Host 
Configuration Protocol “ DHCP “ and Domain Name System “ DNS “ settings 
.This command shows also subnet mask and G.W.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">2-ipconfig/all</span></strong>:</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
it
 is like the above command but it contains more details like DHCP 
enabled or not , lease expires , DNS ,physical add,DNS server…etc .</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">3-ping: </span></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
used to check the TCP/IP Suite is installed and stable on the src device or not.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
used
 to check the connection between the src and dest. if its ok or 
not. used to check the delay and the roung trip time of the data.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
>>
 the src sedns 4- Packets to the destination and wait of a 4-Packet 
reply1. if all 4 packet are recived a gaing by the src, thats mean that 
the cennection is established will.2. if the reply was destination 
unreachable: to be cont.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
3. if the reply was reach time our: to be cont.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">4- Tracert:</span></strong>
 is used to trace a packet from your computer to an internet host, 
showing how many hops the packet requires reaching the host and how long
 each hop takes.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">5-</span></strong><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">netstat:</span></strong> It is a command line tool that displays network connections .It displays active TCP connections, ports. “To check spyware “.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
**netstat –a :</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">6-nslookup: </span></strong>To Know the DNS Server IP that you deal with it.</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">7-Telnet: </span></strong>To make a remote access to devices in such a network</div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">8-ipconfig /flushdns</span></strong><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"> = </span></strong><strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">ipconfig</span></strong> /<strong class="_5wjy" dir="ltr"><span class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">release</span></strong></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div class="_5wjy" dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

خلاصة أسئلة وأجوبه الانترفيو فى إطار ال CCNA و ال ADSL‏

خلاصة أسئلة وأجوبه الانترفيو فى إطار ال CCNA و ال ADSL‏ بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم :-----------------------------جارى العمل عليها _تحت ال...

6:35:00 PM